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Diamond vacuum windows are embedded in UHV conflat vacuum flanges using a hermetic diamond-metal joint optimized for low thermo-mechanical stress and a wide range of operation temperatures...
The exit window of CO2 laser systems conventionally consists of ZnSe. At high-power levels, however, the residual absorption of ZnSe results in the formation of a thermal lens which strongly affects the beam quality and the position of the laser focus.
Microwave beams generated by high-power gyrotron tubes are nowadays used to heat the plasma in magnetically confined fusion reactors. Power levels exceeding 1 MW cw have been demonstrated...
